American university of beirut, institute of financial economics lecture and working papers, series no. Walking the line strategic approaches to peacebuilding in lebanon. Question about the civil war and the taif agreement. Lebanon after the 19841990 civil war comparative political. At the time of lebanons independence from french colonial rule in 1943, its population had already suffered through a century of religious. The do not clearly establish whether the refugee influx in lebanon will. There have been no major studies on the maroniteplo conflict in the lebanese civil war, in. Religious and political divisions see leb were magnified by income inequities and the failure of the dominant christians to update the 1932 census the basis for the allocation of. It is therefore safe to say that the war now in progress will some day end, though that might. Pdf on jan 1, 2000, jurgen endres and others published economic. This is why ive decided to publish wikileaks cables from the war era, every day till the th of april. The maronite christians and the palestinians started fighting in 1975 and the lebanese muslims became allies with the palestinians.
The story of the american university medical center during the lebanese civil war by. By 1975, the refugees numbered more than 300,000 and the plo in effect created an unofficial statewithinastate, particularly in southern lebanon, which then. The christian science monitor is an international news organization that delivers thoughtful, global coverage via its website, weekly magazine, online daily edition, and email newsletters. Fullscale civil war erupted between leftist muslims with plo aid and conservative christians. The oacl was formed around 1970 through the merger of the organization of lebanese.
Civil war lebanon became embroiled in civil war among the christians, muslims, and palestinians from early 1975 to late 1976. During the fighting nearly 150,000 people were killed and another 200,000 wounded. Please practice handwashing and social distancing, and check out our resources for adapting to these times. It must be noted that lebanon had been in a state of civil war from 1975. Gunmen attempt to assassinate maronite christian phalangist leader pierre gemayel as hes leaving church that sunday. The 16year long civil war in which christian militias fought to eject palestinian armed forces began in 1975. There was also an exodus of almost one million people from lebanon as a result of.
While the war ended following a 1989 peace agreement, syria maintained a military and intelligence presence that heavily. However, the dictum of sectarian balance led to the emergence of a weak state, and as a conse. The presence of the mostly muslim plo in lebanon beginning in the early 1970s, had tipped the balance of power against the christian. This was largely a sectarian war between different religious groups, that pitted the lebanese christians against the lebanese muslims. The system favoured christians who fought to eject palestinian armed forces, which sought to use the country as a spring board for attacks into adjacent israel. As of 2012, approximately 76,000 people remain displaced within lebanon.
This disparity helped to spark lebanon s civil war. Aug, 2019 the lebanese civil war took place from 1975 to 1990 and claimed the lives of some 200,000 people, which left lebanon in ruins. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Few years later, the phalange militia, became under the command of bachir gemayel, merged with several minor groups altanzim. During this time, other countries also got involved such as israel and syria. War of certain areas of lebanon lasting for 16 years and 7 months, beginning on april, 1975 and ending on october, 1990, but with pauses. With the outbreak of the lebanese civil war in 1975, the fragmentation of the. By 1975, the refugees numbered more than 300,000 and the plo in effect created an unofficial statewithinastate, particularly in southern lebanon, which then played an important role in the lebanese civil war. On the 40th anniversary, flaglerlive editor pierre tristam remembers that day as he lived it in lebanon, and reflects on what the. The question of civil war memory is acute for many lebanese, who have come together in the post war period to debate the war and create public commemoration.
Syrian prochristian forces imposed an october 1976 ceasefire, but conflict continued near the israeli border. At its peak it threatened to bring about the complete collapse and disintegration of the lebanese state. Oct 21, 1998 this is an account of the turbulent saga of the only arab state that has a nominal christian majority. It includes information about books, encyclopedias, primary sources and other materials covering different aspects of the war. This complex social structure has been further fragmented during the civil war years from 1975 to 1990. Lebanese civil war 1975 1990 with its high literacy rate and traditional mercantile culture, lebanon has traditionally been an important region for the middle east. It all started in their capital when some senior four phalangist a christian sect were gunned down in cold blood in what was an attempt on pierre jumayyils life who was one of the maronite vocal leaders. Newspapers this is a guide to informatuion resources about the lebanese civil war. The new organisation merged the two qaim maqamiyas of 184161 into a mutasarrifiya, the first subdivision of a wilaya. Lebanons history civil war the beginning of the war syrian involvement the riyadh conference the sarkis administration, 197682 the 1982 israeli invasion the may 17 accord the tripartite accord the taif accords the election 1992 the beginning of the war. The term lebanon war can refer to any of the following wars, fought in lebanon.
The collection is accessible on site at the archives and special collections asc department jafet library. Western intervention was repelled by suicidebombing attacks. Prior to the outbreak of lebanons civil war, the countrys. Syrian intervention 1976 israeli invasions of 1978 and 1982. The lebanese commemorate the 40th anniversary of the official start of the lebanese civil war in april. The people living in that area have been at peace with each other through most of the modern times with the major exception of two lengthy civil wars, from 1840 to 1860 and from 1975 to the present. For the next year alliances were changing during the fights.
This month marks the 40th anniversary of the lebanese civil war that started on the th of april 1975. The hundred days war was a subconflict within the lebanese civil war, which occurred at the lebanese capital beirut between february and april 1978. The arab league is a regional organisation of arab countries in aim to draw closer the relations between member states and coordinate collaboration between them, to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of arab. Improved security conditionssuch as from late 1976 to early 1978, or from september 1982 to january 1984yielded considerable economic benefits, as. Four decades ago, on april 1975, the lebanese civil war broke out. Despite its small size, lebanon has been involved in the conflicts of the middle east due to its border with syria and israel. First, the date selected as that of the official start, april, 1975, is wrong. Western intervention was repelled by suicidebombing attacks, and lebanese christians and muslims subdivided to fight each other. The 1943 national pact, the 1975 lebanon civil war, the 1989 taif. Black saturday, or december 6, 1975 is considered to be the event that triggered the civil war in lebanon. Abstract this thesis recenters the plo as a pivotal actor in the lebanese civil war. In 1975, it was still possible to speak of the country as an example. The spark that ignited the war occurred in beirut on april, 1975, when gunmen killed four phalangists.
The main groups were the maronite christians, shii muslims, the druze, plo, the israeli army and the syrian army. April, 1975, marks the first day of the lebanese civil war. In later stages of the war, the major violence was intrasectarian and took place among the sects themselves. The conflict resulted in syrian armys expulsion from east beirut, and the breaking of alliance between syria and the lebanese front. The war of liberation was a subconflict within the final phase of the lebanese civil war between 1989 and 1990, in which the lebanese army loyal to general and prime minister michel aoun, appointed by previous president amine gemayel and headquartered in eastern beirut, fought against the western beirutbased syrian armed forces and the lebanese army loyal to president elias hrawi and prime. One incident that weakened these relations was the united states role in the 1958 civil war. American university of beirut, institute of financial economics lecture and. The lebanese civil war lasted more than 15 years from april 1975 to october 1990. Despite the recent cracks to emerge in lebanons wall of public silence concerning the. The lebanese civil war and the post war settlement the lebanese civil war, which lasted from 1975 to 1990, resulted in more than 144,000 killed. Communist action organization in lebanon wikipedia. After the palestinians left the area to fight elsewhere, christian militias, led by lebanese army officers supported by israel, took control of a large part of the south. The failure to reform and act on the part of the government would lead to 15 years of complicated civil war, with many players, both internal and external.
The aim of this paper is to research and identify the causes and costs of the 1975 1990 lebanese civil war, the longest and most costly civil war in lebanon. What are some good books on the lebanese civil war. The 2006 lebanon war, also called the 2006 israelhezbollah war and known in lebanon as the july war arabic. List of books and articles about lebanese civil war online. The lebanese civil war was a multifaceted civil war in lebanon, lasting from 1975 to 1990 and. The historiography and the memory of the lebanese civil war. Pdf although the confessional system in lebanon seems to guarantee. The political economy of postwar reconstruction in lebanon econstor. I think it would be interesting to look at things from a different point of view, and since its not the lebanese who are telling the.
Sponsored nsas are most effective when they combine both violent. In addition, about 175 towns were partially or completely destroyed,2 and over 750,000. The sixteenyear long civil war in lebanon was caused by dissatisfaction over the distribution of political power. The war was fought between religious as well as political groups. Aug 19, 2016 a report by journalist peter gill on the role of the peacekeeping forces in beirut the british french, american and italians. Dec, 2012 the failure to reform and act on the part of the government would lead to 15 years of complicated civil war, with many players, both internal and external. The lebanese civil war, nonfiction memoirs, investigative journalism, history and commentary about the lebanese civil war. Issues, actors, turning points, explanations there are many kinds of people, and most are malicious. The spark that ignited the civil war in lebanon occurred in beirut on april, 1975, when gunmen killed four phalangists during an attempt on pierre jumayyil.
It has survived as a republican entity, although shattered, exhausted and bankrupt. Prior to the civil war19751990, beirut was known as the paris of the middle east it was a center of trade tourism and banking, with a vibrant tourist scene and all the attractions related to it. Packed with rival religious sects, feudal chieftains, war lords, squabbling political leaders, and inhouse and foreign militias, lebanon has suffered not only periods of civil war and internal infighting, but also invasions by palestinians, syrians and israelis. Beirut to solve a problem one has first to admit it exists. Jan 22, 2012 the lebanese civil war 1975 1990 by daniel mourad jensen, master of arts in arabic a sociological profile, the copenhagen university, the carsten niebuhr institute yes, we were a laboratory for violence, but we were also, before that, a laboratory for modernity, and in some ways we still are samir kassir, a famous lebanese. They fought with different groups throughout the war. The lebanese civil war had multiple causes claude salhani aw. The lebanese civil war of 1975 to 1990 is commonly referred to as a.
In large measure, these ties were promoted by the sizable lebaneseamerican community. Before the 1975 civil war, lebanon enjoyed generally good official relations with the united states. Apr 12, 2015 april, 1975, marks the first day of the lebanese civil war. After the 2006 war in lebanon and the ensuing political deadlock and escalation. When the lebanese civil war broke out in april 1975, the oacl fought on the side of.
Prior to the civil war 1975 1990, beirut was known as the paris of the middle east it was a center of trade tourism and banking, with a vibrant tourist scene and all the attractions related to it. In their view, the war has continued through other means in the post war period, and the periodic rounds of violent conflict plaguing lebanon since 1990 are directly related to the civil war. Historiography and memory of the lebanese civil war 19751990. Mountain war lebanon 19831984 part of the lebanese civil war war of the camps 19841989 part of the lebanese civil war. Lebanese civil war beirut 1978, phalangist soldier. In the years that followed the outbreak of the 1975 civil war, political developments dominated economic affairs. Gunmen attempt to assassinate maronite christian phalangist leader. Hundred days war 1978 part of the lebanese civil war. You should get the israeli book the snow ball translated into arabic. Lebanese civil war the lebanese civil war 19751990 was a complex conflict in the form of various factions and shifting alliances between and among lebanese maronite catholics, lebanese muslims, palestinian muslims, lebanese druze, and other nonsectarian groups. Amalhezbolah, war of the camps, armylebanese forces war, hobeikageagea and the tripartite agreement, etc is the taif agreement popular. At the time of lebanon s independence from french colonial rule in 1943, its population had already suffered through a century of religious.
Since its independence in 1943, lebanon has been governed by a confessional political system in which parliamentary seats and governmental and civil service positions are distributed among religious sects in accordance with their population ratio. List of books and articles about lebanese civil war. The conflict, which lasted 15 years, cost 150,000 lives, injured 300,000, and led to the emigration of almost a million peo ple, brought the lebanese state to near collapse. Lebanon maintained a precarious democracy from the time of its independence from france in 1943 until a 15year civil war broke out in 1975. Postwar economy in lebanon passed through four stages. Although accounts of the war have ap peared daily on the front pages of the newspapers throughout the world, the violence and drama of the conflict have obscured the basic question of why the lebanese are fighting. The lebanese civil war 1975 1990 by daniel mourad jensen, master of arts in arabic a sociological profile, the copenhagen university, the carsten niebuhr institute yes, we were a laboratory for violence, but we were also, before that, a laboratory for modernity, and in some ways we still are samir kassir, a famous lebanese. Leftist political practice and analysis in lebanon. The aim of this paper is to research and identify the causes and costs of the 19751990 lebanese civil war, the longest and most costly civil war in lebanon. From april 1975 to october 1990 lebanon suffered a bloody civil war. On the surface, this agreement seemed to create an equitable powersharing agreement that protected all the sects from one another. The lebanese civil war erupted in april 1975 and ended in october 1990. A significant subset of the collection cover lebanons modern history, including the.
The story of the american university medical center during the lebanese civil war by gladys mouro 3. Lebanese civil war 1975 1976 damour beirut lebanon. First of all, you should consider reading multiple lebanese civil war books, because each part have a different vision about every single action of this 15 years crisis. In the early days of the civil war, the relative peace in southern lebanon had attracted lebanese refugees from other areas. From the initial scrimmages of the ainalramine,this thesis covers the maroniteplo rivalry to argue that this subconflict provided the spark for the war. It covers many arab countries and a wide historical range 1930s1990s. Prior to the outbreak of lebanons civil war, the country. Aug 9, 2014 lebanese civil war 1975 1976 damour beirut lebanon. Apr 24, 2016 first of all, you should consider reading multiple lebanese civil war books, because each part have a different vision about every single action of this 15 years crisis. The lebanese civil war took place from 1975 to 1990 and claimed the lives of some 200,000 people, which left lebanon in ruins. In this article, an attempt will be made to address.